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- ESSAY, Page 94What If the Soviet Union Collapses?By David Aikman
-
-
- The year is 1992. Gorbachev has been overthrown, and the Soviet
- empire has fallen apart. The Russian heartland is ruled by an
- ultra-nationalist military dictatorship, the Baltic republics by
- Catholic radicals, and Central Asia by fundamentalist emirates.
- Tanks patrol the streets of Moscow, and throughout the country a
- fearful, starving populace wreaks revenge on former Communist Party
- members, Jews and intellectuals.
-
- A sneak preview of the latest Tom Clancy effulgence? Hardly.
- This frightening scenario of Soviet collapse, titled
- Nevozraschenets (The Non-Returnee), was published last June in
- Iskusstvo Kino, the official journal of the Soviet movie industry.
- Its appearance reflects a mood of unprecedented pessimism and
- self-doubt, in which intellectuals and political figures have been
- speculating somberly about the catastrophes that could befall the
- Soviet Union if perestroika falls apart. Last September, for
- example, political oppositionist Boris Yeltsin, a former Moscow
- party boss, repeatedly warned of an impending disaster. "We are on
- the edge of an abyss," Yeltsin told a rapt audience at New York's
- Council on Foreign Relations. Yeltsin gave Gorbachev until next
- fall to produce results. Others have warned of an actual civil war
- by then.
-
- The ramifications of this possibility are so serious that they
- ought to worry the West more than they do. Would a complete Soviet
- collapse, after all, be a good or a bad thing?
-
- Evidence hinting at such an eventuality is widespread.
- Economically, the country is barely functional. At least 43 million
- Soviets live below the official poverty level of 75 rubles a month
- ($1,500 annually) and some regions of the country have resorted to
- widespread rationing of even the most essential goods.
-
- Riding atop the economic woes is the horseman of ethnic anarchy
- amid the 15 national republics that constitute the Soviet Union.
- Armenia and Azerbaijan are nearly at war with each other, Moldavia
- has been crippled by ethnically inspired strikes, Georgians are
- demanding an end to the "Soviet empire," and in Lithuania the
- Communist Party has abolished its own monopoly of power, the most
- striking sign of Baltic nationalism to date.
-
- Such radicalism would not be possible without Gorbachev's
- glasnost. But the new openness in the Soviet media has also exposed
- irrational superstitions reminiscent of the last days of Czar
- Nicholas II. The TASS news agency reports with a straight face that
- aliens stepped out of UFOs in Voronezh. On TV, psychic healers
- appear frequently with supposed cures for everything from obesity
- to detached retinas. As in all periods of great stress, the
- Christian churches in Russia have seldom been fuller.
-
- The Soviet Union has formidable reserves of resiliency, as it
- showed during the crisis of Hitler's invasion. But what if the dark
- forebodings of a Soviet screenwriter came true?
-
- A Soviet national catastrophe might take either of two forms:
- a "revolution from below" or a coup from the right. A hint of the
- first surfaced last summer, when half a million Soviet miners went
- on strike. The miners not only won all of their basic demands, but
- set up strike committees that became for a while the headquarters
- of local political power. Yeltsin himself has called those
- committees "the embryos of real people's power." If a new wave of
- strikes rolled across the Soviet Union, the nationwide momentum
- from below for political change might prove unstoppable.
-
- Last week's narrow defeat of a Supreme Soviet motion to debate
- an end to one-party rule showed just how tenuous the authority of
- the Soviet Communist Party now is. Striking workers might bring
- about not only a collapse of power in Moscow but the snapping of
- links to the outlying republics. A wave of secessionism might then
- follow, with the probability of murderous ethnic strife in its
- wake.
-
- The second scenario of Soviet catastrophe is a coup from the
- Soviet "right" engineered by the army, perhaps in conjunction with
- the KGB. Though many top Soviets -- including Yeltsin -- dismiss
- this scenario, Central Committee members voiced fears of a coup to
- Marshall Goldman, a leading American Sovietologist, last summer.
- The coup menace is exacerbated by the growing strength of Russian
- ultra-nationalist organizations. Extremist groups like Pamyat have
- targeted Jews (a paranoid Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory),
- "intellectuals" and "Russophobes" as scapegoats for national
- decline. The nationalists are at heart anti-Communist, but their
- appeal overlaps with a growing blue-collar nostalgia for the
- despotic simplicities of the Stalinist era.
-
- A total collapse of the Soviet Un-ion might create almost as
- many global problems as it solved. Regional despotisms like Fidel
- Castro's Cuba or Najibullah's Afghanistan would probably wither
- quickly, as might many Third World Communist insurgencies. The U.S.
- economy would benefit handsomely from vastly reduced defense
- expenditures. But the blessings of a Soviet collapse would
- certainly be mixed. Just as the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian
- Empire after World War I led to Hitler's brutal exploitation of the
- resulting power vacuum, so the end of the Pax Sovietica in Eurasia
- might touch off an ethnic bloodbath among the squabbling successor
- regimes. For University of Alabama historian Hugh Ragsdale, a
- Soviet collapse would lead to a disastrous "Balkanization" of
- Eurasia and the emergence of "dozens of Khomeinis . . . skulking
- incognito among the Sufis and dervishes of the region." The
- disappearance of Soviet influence would probably also hasten the
- emergence of a united German superstate intimidating to both its
- Eastern and Western neighbors.
-
- Gorbachev's own vision remains that of a Soviet Union that is
- sufficiently open to be honest about its problems but sufficiently
- centralized to remain a powerful Leninist state. The trouble is,
- how many other Soviet citizens share it? The glasnost he unleashed
- has turned into a dangerous tiger for 280 million people to ride.
- If Gorbachev offers no realistic alternative to continued Leninism,
- he may be forced to try caging it once more -- which he probably
- will -- or to face the dissolution of the "socialist sixth of the
- earth."